A colonoscopy is a crucial screening tool that allows doctors to examine the inner lining of the colon and rectum. One of the most common findings during this procedure is polyps, small growths on the lining of the colon.
While hearing that you have polyps can be unsettling, not all polyps are dangerous. Still, they’re an important signal that your doctor will take seriously. So, what does it mean if polyps are found during your colonoscopy exam, and how might they impact your health? Let’s break it down.
What Are Colon Polyps?
Colon polyps are growths of tissue that develop on the inner wall of the colon or rectum. They vary in size, shape, and type, and most are benign (non-cancerous). However, some can change over time and become cancerous.
Polyps are very common, especially in people over 50, and many people who have them don’t experience any symptoms at all. That’s why regular colon cancer screening is so important — it’s often the only way to detect them early.
Types of Polyps and Their Risks
Doctors classify polyps based on their shape and cellular makeup. The two most common types are:
1. Adenomatous Polyps (Adenomas)
These are the most concerning because they have the potential to turn into colon cancer over time. They account for the majority of pre-cancerous polyps found during colonoscopies. Although not all adenomas become cancer, most colon cancers begin as adenomatous polyps.
2. Hyperplastic Polyps
These are usually small and found in the rectum or lower colon. In most cases, hyperplastic polyps are benign and have little to no risk of becoming cancerous. However, larger hyperplastic polyps or those found in certain areas of the colon may warrant further evaluation.
There are also other, less common types like sessile serrated adenomas (SSAs) and traditional serrated adenomas (TSAs), which have a higher risk of developing into cancer and may require more frequent surveillance.
What Happens When Polyps Are Found?
If your doctor finds polyps during a colonoscopy, they will typically remove them on the spot — a process known as polypectomy. This is done using special tools inserted through the colonoscope. Removing polyps not only allows for closer examination but also helps prevent them from progressing to cancer.
The removed polyps are sent to a lab for biopsy, where a pathologist examines them under a microscope to determine their type, size, and whether they show any signs of dysplasia (abnormal cells).
This analysis helps your doctor decide on appropriate follow-up care and whether you’ll need more frequent screenings in the future.
Follow-Up and Surveillance
The need for follow-up depends on several factors:
- Number of polyps: Finding multiple polyps can increase your risk of future growths or cancer.
- Size: Larger polyps are more likely to be pre-cancerous.
- Type and histology: Adenomas or serrated polyps often require earlier or more frequent surveillance.
If only one or two small hyperplastic polyps are found, you may not need another colonoscopy procedure for 10 years. However, if adenomas are discovered, your doctor may recommend a follow-up in 3 to 5 years, or sooner if the risk is higher.
Risk Factors for Developing Polyps
Understanding your risk can help you take steps to protect your health. Some factors that increase your likelihood of developing colon polyps include:
- Age over 50
- Family history of polyps or colorectal cancer
- Inflammatory bowel diseases like Crohn’s or ulcerative colitis
- Diet high in red or processed meats
- Smoking and heavy alcohol use
- Obesity or lack of physical activity
While some risk factors are beyond your control, adopting a healthier lifestyle can reduce your chances of developing polyps or colorectal cancer.
What You Can Do to Stay Proactive
The best way to protect yourself is through regular screening and healthy habits. Here are some tips to stay ahead:
- Get screened as recommended: Especially if you’re over 50 or have a family history of colon issues.
- Eat a balanced diet: High in fiber, fruits, vegetables, and whole grains.
- Exercise regularly: Aim for at least 30 minutes of physical activity most days.
- Avoid smoking and limit alcohol: These habits increase the risk of many types of cancer, including colorectal.
- Know your family history: Share it with your doctor so your screening schedule can be tailored to your needs.
Conclusion
Finding polyps during a colonoscopy is common and not usually cause for immediate alarm. Most polyps are harmless, but some can be early warning signs of colorectal cancer. The good news is that colonoscopy allows doctors to detect and remove these polyps before they become a problem.
Understanding what polyps mean, and acting on that knowledge, empowers you to take control of your digestive health and reduce your long-term cancer risk. If you’ve had polyps removed, stay on top of your follow-up schedule and continue making healthy lifestyle choices.